Thesaurus: deception
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noun
1. The act or practice of deceiving: cunning, deceit, deceitfulness, double-dealing, duplicity, guile, shiftiness. See honest/dishonest.
2. An indirect, usually cunning means of gaining an end: artifice, device, dodge, feint, gimmick, imposture, jig, maneuver, ploy, ruse, sleight, stratagem, subterfuge, trick, wile. Informal shenanigan, take-in. See honest/dishonest, means.
Deception
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For other uses, see Deception (disambiguation).
For a parallel in popular media, see Media manipulation#Distraction by phenomenon.
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It has been suggested that Deception (in psychological research) be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)
Mystification redirects here. For the use in sociology, see Mystification (sociology).
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Dissimulation
o 1.1 Camouflage
o 1.2 Disguise appearance
o 1.3 Dazzle
* 2 Simulation
o 2.1 Mimicry
o 2.2 Fabricate
o 2.3 Distractions
* 3 Deception in psychological experimentation
o 3.1 APA Guidelines for use of Deception in Psychological Research
+ 3.1.1 8.07 Deception in Research
+ 3.1.2 8.08 Debriefing
o 3.2 When is the use of Deception Justified in Psychological Experimentation
o 3.3 Pros of using Deception in Psychological Experimentation
o 3.4 Cons of using Deception in Psychological Experimentation
o 3.5 Examples of Deception in Psychological Experimentation
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 Further reading
Deception (also called beguilement, deceit, bluff, or subterfuge) is the act of convincing another to believe information that is not true, or not the whole truth as in certain types of half-truths.
Deception involves concepts like propaganda, distraction and/or concealment. Fiction, while sometimes manipulative, is not a deception unless it is portrayed as partially truthful or as the whole truth.
In many cases it is difficult to distinguish deception from providing unintentionally wrong information. One of the reasons for this is that a person or an entire organization may be self-deceived.
[edit] Dissimulation
Dissimulation consists of concealing the truth, or in the case of half-truths, concealing parts of the truth, like inconvenient or secret information. There are three dissimulation techniques: camouflage (blend into the background), disguise appearance (altering the model) and dazzle (obfuscate the model).
[edit] Camouflage
See also: theory of camouflage
This wallaby has adaptive colouration which allows it to blend with its environment
The camouflage of a physical object often works by breaking up the visual boundary of that object. This usually involves colouring the camouflaged object with the same colours as the background against which the object will be hidden. In the realm of deceptive half-truths camouflage is realized by ‘hiding’ some of the truths.
Example:
* Camouflage as a form of visual deception is an essential part of military deception.
[edit] Disguise appearance
A disguise is an appearance to create the impression of being somebody or something else; for a well-known person this is also called incognito.
Example:
* The fictional Sherlock Holmes often disguised himself as somebody else to avoid being recognized.
In a more abstract sense, ‘disguise’ may refer to the act of disguising the nature of a particular proposal in order to hide an unpopular motivation or effect associated with that proposal. This is a form of political spin or propaganda. See also: rationalisation and transfer within the techniques of propaganda generation.
Example:
* Depicting an act of war as a “peace” mission.
[edit] Dazzle
Examples:
* The defensive mechanisms of most octopuses to eject black ink in a large cloud to aid in escape from predators.
[edit] Simulation
Simulation consists of exhibiting false information. There are three simulation techniques: mimicry (copying another model), fabrication (making up a new model), and distraction (offering an alternative model)
[edit] Mimicry
In the biological world, mimicry involves unconscious deception by similarity to another organism, or to a natural object. Animals for example may deceive predators or prey by visual, auditory or other means.
[edit] Fabricate
To make something that in reality is not what it appears to be. For example, in World War II, it was common for the Allies to use hollow tanks made out of cardboard to fool German reconnaissance planes into thinking a large armor unit was on the move in one area while the real tanks were well hidden and on the move in a location far from the fabricated “dummy” tanks.
[edit] Distractions
To get someone’s attention from the truth by offering bait or something else more tempting to divert attention away from the object being concealed. For example, a security company publicly announces that it will ship a large gold shipment down one route, while in reality take a different route.
[edit] Deception in psychological experimentation
The use of deception in psychological experimentation is a methodological procedure where the researchers purposely mislead or misinform the participants about the true nature of the experiment. The process of concealing information from the participants is omission and the purposely misleading of the participants about what is being studied is commission. The use of deception is reserved only for when it is absolutely necessary to preserve the naturalness of the participants’ behavior and the researcher must follow specific guidelines set forth by the American Psychological Association (APA).
[edit] APA Guidelines for use of Deception in Psychological Research
[edit] 8.07 Deception in Research
(a) Psychologists do not conduct a study involving deception unless they have determined that the use of deceptive techniques is justified by the study’s significant prospective scientific, educational, or applied value and that effective nondeceptive alternative procedures are not feasible.
(b) Psychologists do not deceive prospective participants about research that is reasonably expected to cause physical pain or severe emotional distress.
(c) Psychologists explain any deception that is an integral feature of the design and conduct of an experiment to participants as early as is feasible, preferably at the conclusion of their participation, but no later than at the conclusion of the data collection, and permit participants to withdraw their data.
[edit] 8.08 Debriefing
(a) Psychologists provide a prompt opportunity for participants to obtain appropriate information about the nature, results, and conclusions of the research, and they take reasonable steps to correct any misconceptions that participants may have of which the psychologists are aware.
(b) If scientific or humane values justify delaying or withholding this information, psychologists take reasonable measures to reduce the risk of harm.
(c) When psychologists become aware that research procedures have harmed a participant, they take reasonable steps to minimize the harm.(Association, 2003)
[edit] When is the use of Deception Justified in Psychological Experimentation
1. When it is necessary to investigate important research questions involving the observation of true human behavior, which could not be examined through other means
2. When the use of deception would not cause more risk to the participant than everyday life events.
3. When the researcher thoroughly debriefs the participants immediately at the conclusion of the experiment, and explains what was studied.
4. All APA Guidelines and Code of Ethics are followed.
5. Research is approved by proper authorities (IRB’s, etc.).
[edit] Pros of using Deception in Psychological Experimentation
1. Deception increases the impact of the experimental environment; making the experimental situation more realistic in turn increasing internal validity of a study.
2. Deception allows for studying human life that a researcher would not necessarily be able to study ethically.
3. With deception a researcher is able to protect against problems with participants. For example, a participant’s motives can affect how he/she responds in an experimental situation.
[edit] Cons of using Deception in Psychological Experimentation
1. Deception can be ethically irresponsible.
2. Participants cooperate accordingly only in an environment of clarity, openness, and trust. They can get defensive when they feel they are being misled by the experimenter.
3. Some participants might develop emotional or mental issues because they feel they were lied to.
4. Since deception experiments generally take place in a laboratory, the external validity can be low.
[edit] Examples of Deception in Psychological Experimentation
“Danger: Severe Shock”
An experiment conducted by Research Stanley Milgram in 1963 used deception.
The deception in this experiment includes the researcher telling the participant that he will be participating in an experiment involving the effects of punishment upon learning. But actually the study looks at the participant’s willingness to obey hurtful commands. Ultimately the participant was to administer increasing amounts of electric shock to a confederate when the confederate answered a question incorrectly posed by the researcher. The confederate begins to react to the electric shock, screaming and yelling in agony, but the participant in the experiment is urged to continue with the electric shock despite his reluctance. 64% of participants shocked the learner (confederate) with the highest voltage.
[edit] See also
* Academic dishonesty
* Betrayal
* Communications deception
* Confidence trick
* Doctrine of mental reservation
* Electronic deception
* Forgery
* Fraud
* Good cop/bad cop
* Half-truth
* Hoax
* Lie
* Limited hangout
* List of topics related to public relations and propaganda
* Media manipulation
* Media transparency
* Military deception
* Misdirection
* Modified limited hangout
* Newspeak
* Phishing
* Placebo (origins of technical term)
* Plagiarism
* Propaganda
* Psychological warfare
* Secrecy
* Selectivity
* Simulated reality
* Social engineering
* Spectacle
* Spin (public relations)
* Steganography
* Sting operation
* Swampland in Florida
* Theft Act 1968
* Theft Act 1978
[edit] References
* Association, A. P. (2003). ethics: Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Retrieved February 18, 2008, from APA Online
* Bassett, Rodney L.. & Basinger, David, & Livermore, Paul. (1992, December). Lying in the Laboratory: Deception in Human Research from a Psychological, Philosophical, and Theological Perspectives. [1]
* Cohen, Fred. (2006). Frauds, Spies, and Lies and How to Defeat Them. ASP Peess. ISBN 1-878109-36-7.
* Behrens, Roy R. (2002). False colors: Art, Design and Modern Camouflage. Bobolink Books. ISBN 0-9713244-0-9.
* Behrens, Roy R. (2009). Camoupedia: A Compendium of Research on Art, Architecture and Camouflage. Bobolink Books. ISBN 978-0-9713244-6-6.
* Bennett, W Lance; Entman, Robert M The Politics of Misinformation
* Blechman, Hardy and Newman, Alex (2004). DPM: Disruptive Pattern Material. DPM Ltd. ISBN 0-9543404-0-X.
* Edelman, Murray Constructing the political spectacle 1988
* Latimer, Jon. (2001). Deception in War. John Murray. ISBN 978-0719556050.
* Shaughnessy, J. J., Zechmeister, E. B., & Zechmeister, J. S. (2006). Research Methods in Psychology Seventh Edition. Boston: McGraw Hill.
* Bruce Schneier, Secrets and Lies
* Robert Wright The Moral Animal: Why We Are the Way We Are: The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology. Vintage, 1995. ISBN 0-679-76399-6
Courtesans
Defining the Courtesan
Literary Representations
Hugo
Balzac
Lorettes and society
Lower Class Prostitutes and the Law
Representations in Les Miserables
Realities of Authority in Paris
Brothels and Streetwalkers
The Privileged Class: Courtesans
Defining the courtesan
Visual representations
Courtesans in reality
Bibliogrpahy
We all know the word prostitute but how many people know what a courtesan is? It is not a type of ointment that one rubs over something itchy, that is cortisone and is in no way related. Courtesans were at the top of the prostitutional hierarchy. They were above streetwalkers, prostitutes, madams and lorettes. They were the upper tier and they had very elegant lifestyles.
Courtesans were basically mistresses. They were supported by wealthy men who provided them with anything they could ever want. Many such women lived in a more comfortable way then some of the bourgoisie.
detail of Edouard Manest, Nana, 1877 (12. for source click here) For more information and discussion on this painting click here.
Usually a woman of an upper class household would turn to the world of the courtesan for several different reasons. To begin with, marriage in the nineteenth century was more of a business deal then an act of true love. This idea was abhorrent to some women and so, not wanting to leave the comfort of their lifestyle would simply turn to a life that would allow them to continue on as they had without the confines of a husband. Some women chose the life of a courtesan in order to cultivate their minds which they usually, were they not independent, were meant to keep dormant.
Defining the courtesan basically comes down to this: “a prostitute with a courtly, wealthy, or upper-class clientele.” (Courtesy of the Merriam Webster dictionary)
click here to learn more about:
* comfort and lifestyles of courtesans
* courtesans as Objects of consumption and Opulence
* social acceptance of courtesans
* the Freedom that went along with being a courtesan
Semantic search is something I’ve been interested in ever since Google first started displaying relevant search suggestions in their SERPs (search engine result pages). Semantic search is basically using language, meaning and relationships between words to understand the intent of the searcher. On a basic level I believe that Google and other search engines may be looking for words they expect to see on a page aside from the exact keyword phrase match to determine relevancy. For example, if you had a blog about football that you hope to rank on the first page of Google for the search query ‘football’, Google may expect to see words or phrases such as NFL, sports, Indianapolis Colts, soccer, touchdown, etc.
If your website contains the word ‘football’ hundreds of times throughout your website, but does not see other likely keywords related to this keyword, then they may assume you are not as relevant as other websites containing the keyword ‘football’.
An example of this is if you conduct a search on Google for ‘AROD’. Google will bold ‘AROD’ as well as ‘Alex Rodriguez’ in the titles and descriptions of the SERP listings. This proves that Google recognizes that these words have a relationship.
Semantic Search Example AROD
This further supports the theory that keyword consistency and topical relevancy are more important than keyword density. The point is that you want to write original content that reads well, contains your main keywords a few times throughout the content, and also incorporates other phrases one may expect to see relating to those keywords.
This is good news for everyone in and out of the SEO industry. Who wants to write or read keyword stuffed content? We all want more relevant search results.
http://www.obsidianseo.com/2008/08/29/getting-crazy-with-semantic-search/
Are you working with the right SEO? How do you know if your SEO specialist has the capability to deliver the results he/she has been promising you?
I think the answers to these questions can be narrowed down to two very important concepts. First of all a professional SEO must be able to demonstrate a track record of results for their own web properties and those of their current clients. This goes along with being able to offer those clients as references. You’ll know you might be dealing with a poor SEO if he can’t show results for any reason. Some may claim confidentiality of clients’ information, but it’s not likely that all or even most of their clients have requested this. Further, to insure that the SEO your are talking to has actually worked on said project, you must contact available references.
I see some great results from this SEO, but how do I know he/she will be able to deliver the same results for my company? To answer this question you must look for clues of scalability. Can this SEO scale their services? They must understand not only the technical aspects of SEO, but understand enough about systems and business to scale their offerings. A professional SEO must be able to scale up to take on more clients. Sourcing inbound links for your SEO project is one example of the hard work that a good SEO may be able to handle for their own project, or maybe even a few clients, but will soon be overwhelmed if they don’t have solutions to help them scale their business.
Everyone wants a good deal and loves to save money, but SEO is still far from becoming a commodity and you must be careful with regards to what you’re paying for SEO. Some SEO freelancers may not understand their value and won’t charge enough money for their services. This causes them to take on more clients than they can handle just to pay the bills. Even if a good SEO has good intentions and a superior knowledge of SEO, they may end up “churning and burning” clients if they lack the ability to charge adequately and scale their business.
http://www.obsidianseo.com/2009/01/22/scalability-and-seo-an-essential-combination/
Is There A Personal CPM For Search?
by David Berkowitz , Tuesday, February 10, 2009
CAN A BOUNTY FOR SEARCH engine users translate to a personal CPM?This question follows MediaPost’s OMMA Social event ( catch the complete coverage) where a panel discussed the concept of the personal CPM, when brands put a value on consumers who spread marketing messages. In social media, the concept works perfectly, as consumers can become part of the advertising, whether in an ad through networks that target the social graph, or by consumers alerting friends about their brand interactions.
With search, it’s different. Your search activities are not broadcast to all your friends, and if they are, you probably want to switch search engines. Yet there are a number of examples of bounties for searchers that indicate the personal CPM can apply. We’ll look at four today: Live Search Cashback, Yahoo Canada’s Air Miles partnership, the MouseHunt toolbar, and Prodege’s Swagbucks.
Live Search Cashback
The best documented of the four examples, Microsoft’s Live Search Cashback lists discounts from retailers that can be sorted by the size of a cash refund or the overall lowest price. In practice, it’s hardly different from other forms of comparison shopping: shoppers evaluate retailers on a sliding scale of the lowest priced item by the most trusted marketer. This is the only example here where the value of the searcher is dependent on how much he or she spends.
Microsoft also offers rewards for repeat usage of its SearchPerks Perk Counter toolbar, which treats search like a carnival: more searches lead to more tickets, which can be redeemed for real-world goods of varying value. The program’s registration filled up with one million registrants, and it’s slated to end in April. Toolbars are popular ways to reward searchers, as we’ll see from the next two examples. Meanwhile, expect Microsoft to keep leading the search industry in made-up compound words. A few suggestions: SearchRewards, WindowsBucks, or UseLiveSearchAndInternetExplorerOrYourOperatingSystemWillCrashHaHaHa.
Yahoo Canada Air Miles
Courtesy of one of my favorite blogs, Three Minds at Organic, comes the story of Y ahoo Canada launching the Air Miles Yahoo Toolbar. Enter 50 queries and you get five Air Miles, up to 30 miles monthly. Is this enough to get people to use the Yahoo Toolbar? You need to run 300 searches just to get those 30 miles. I tried the reward calculator, and it takes 1,175 to 1,450 reward miles to fly round-trip from Montreal to New York, which can be earned over 39 to 48 months. That means up to four years of running 300 queries a month on the toolbar, totaling 14,500 searches. There must be easier ways to travel, like Twitter hitchhiking (or Twitchhiking) around the globe.
MouseHunt
Some things have inexplicable appeal, like Howie Mandel, or the nougat in a 3 Musketeers bar. Add to that list the Facebook application MouseHunt, which for me has been the most persistently addictive app I’ve tried.
MouseHunt recently launched a toolbar, where hunters (as we app players call ourselves) earn the especially potent mouse bait called Super Brie+, with three searches yielding one piece and the opportunity to earn three pieces daily; search results come from Yahoo. Players can also earn Super Brie+ by donating to MouseHunt, completing offers, or buying it on the game-hosted black market for virtual gold. MouseHunt’s toolbar makes it easy to earn a substantial amount of Super Brie+ monthly. For addicted players, this definitely has the potential to change their search behavior.
Prodege Swagbucks
What do the New York Giants, Snoop Dogg, and Barry Manilow have in common? I’m sure there’s a great punchline in there somewhere (try your own in the comments), but the one link I’m aware of is that all have branded search engines through Prodege’s Swagbucks.com. I’ve talked about Prodge before, and in several presentations I’ve included screenshots of its Kevin Federline search engine. To be fully transparent, the swag helped sell me; an autographed photo of K-Fed hangs prominently above my desk. Through Prodege, any query on a branded engine gives the searcher a chance to win Swag Bucks that can be redeemed for prizes from autographs to iPhones. For some reason, an iPhone is worth 84times a signed K-Fed photo; it should be the other way around.
So, what’s your pleasure? Cash, miles, virtual cheese, pseudo-celebrity autographs? The challenge for search engines is trying to change behavior; it’s telling that there’s no comparable example from Google. It’s hardly surprising that so many businesses are trying to quantify the value of increased search usage and will reward consumers accordingly. This economy presents the best time to up the ante. The first search engine to reward searchers with contributions to mortgage and credit card payments may be the recession’s best shot at a Google-killer.
http://mail.google.com/mail/?hl=en&tab=wm#inbox/11f6109319f4ebb1
The US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has integrated Obsidian’s Longbow devices into a next-generation network being developed under the Pentagon-funded “Large Data” Joint Capabilities Technology Demonstration (LD-JCTD) program.
The Large Data Program
The Large Data mission is to architect, construct and prove-out a next-generation distributed enterprise data storage concept capable of handling very large data volumes and large (streaming) data files. Department of Defense agencies within the US government recognize the infrastructure challenges associated with the quantity of data that will need to be moved, stored and processed in future systems.
The Large Data network currently comprises five nodes – four in the mainland US and one overseas. Data centers are located at each node, deploying large-scale data processing and storage. During the trials, this infrastructure has been used to archive, transport and manipulate very high resolution imagery. It is a goal of this program to demonstrate the construction of large-scale data center infrastructure with an emphasis on open standards and free open-source software where possible. This maximizes the potential for the widespread adoption of the architecture across many application domains.
The approximately $50M program started in May 2006 and has been extended into four years to perform operational testing and evaluation. At the end of the demonstration phases, transition teams work to migrate the new capabilities into military operational deployments.
Obsidian’s Longbow Technologies
The Large Data architecture’s main data flows are built entirely around the InfiniBand protocol due to performance, scalability, cost and technology road map considerations. NRL initially contracted Obsidian’s engineering team in 2004 to develop a prototype device capable of carrying InfiniBand over global distances. Such capability is critical to the Large Data architecture because without it, InfiniBand would be limited to just meters of range. Subsequently, Obsidian was formed to pursue the development of the prototypes into carrier-grade products in 2005. NRL supplied product specifications to Obsidian to ensure the Longbows met the needs of Large Data-like networks.
Longbow XR devices are used to connect some of the 10 Gigabits per second server and storage network links in the Large Data network, paired with military-grade encryptors. A slower overseas link, at 2.5 Gigabits per second, is handled using a more suitable second source device.
Longbow Campus devices are used in Large Data to transport data over a few kilometers within the physically secured facilities of several of the larger sites involved in the program, using direct fiber optic cable connections.
Additionally, Longbows are employed in an unclassified testbed as delay generators providing system support by emulating the operational network environment.
James Hofmann, the Large Data JCTD Technical Manager working at the Naval Research Laboratory, noted that:
“During the first three years, two important milestones were achieved by the program:
“The program is on track to achieve its primary demonstration goals due in no small part to the use of the Obsidian Longbow XR and the Longbow Campus devices.”
On future developments, James Hofmann added:
“Currently, the Large Data JCTD is supporting an intensive year of operational evaluation and “transition” testing within DoD agencies. The operational evaluation will provide a full scope evaluation of transport technologies and an initial concept of operations for military use. NRL is conducting a series of performance tests and initial designs to integrate the technologies into current architectures and influence emerging architectures.
The output and vision that the Large Data JCTD supports is very much aligned with the vision that the Director of National Intelligence has published in its Information Sharing Strategy (http://www.dni.gov/reports/IC_Information_Sharing_Strategy.pdf) where he declares that the DoD and the Intelligence Community are moving from an “agency-centric” to an “enterprise-centric” architecture. This Single Information Environment being advocated by the DNI will require unprecedented information sharing between agencies and a logical outcome of this is a distributed, high performance federated architecture such as what is being demonstrated within the Large Data JCTD.”
“Built upon high-performance open standards-based hardware and free open source software, the Large Data architecture is an exciting first taste of next-generation super-scale data centers,” said Dr. David Southwell, President and Co-CEO of Obsidian Strategics.
“InfiniBand is a key component of NRL’s visionary Large Data work, which has pioneered large-scale global Data Center architecture based on this increasingly popular high-performance technology. I am very pleased that Obsidian has been tapped by the Large Data team for delivering wide-area InfiniBand connectivity for this effort,” said Dr. Southwell, “As world-wide data storage and compute capacity continues geometric growth, I believe that the Large Data-JCTD network will serve as an exemplar for a new class of future high-performance distributed data centers in mainstream commercial and government domains.”
About Obsidian:
Obsidian Strategics Inc. are the developers of Longbow Technology, a family of communications products delivering very fast, lossless transmission over optical networks. Longbows allow an InfiniBand fabric, normally a short-range network used in high-performance computing, to be transparently extended via optical fiber. Different models connect over Campus, Metro, Regional or Global Area Networks to offer unparalleled high-bandwidth, low-latency access to InfiniBand compute and storage resources. Integrated InfiniBand routing, encryption and other functions enhance deployability in commercial environments. Obsidian is available online at http://www.obsidianstrategics.com
About Naval Research Laboratory:
NRL is the corporate research laboratory for the US Navy and Marine Corps and conducts a broad program of scientific research, technology and advanced development. NRL has served the US Navy and the nation for over 80 years and continues to meet the complex technological challenges of today’s world. Dr. Henry Dardy is the Chief Scientist for Advanced Computation at NRL, and leads the JCTD-LD program. NRL is available online at http://www.nrl.navy.mil/. JCTD-LD is available only at http://www.largedata.net.
CONTACT:
David Southwell, CEO
Obsidian Research Corporation
780-964-3283
dsouthwell @ obsidianresearch.com
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Obsidian has cleared and lighted a path in the dark forest of money and finance so we all will talk and walk in ease, joy, peace, prosperity...”
http://www.obsidianinstitute.com/
| Host Name: | Nicole Miller C.H. |
| Show Name: | Interview with new up and coming Creator of clothing Line “Itzpapalotl” Amelia Berumen |
| Date / Length: | 3/6/2008 2:00 AM UTC – 1 hr |
| Description: h:12319 s:150037 |
Tonights show we will have a new up and coming artist , clothing designer,inspired for indigienous women Itzpapalotl means in english, obsidian butterfly. This name describes the men and women who dress in their traditional clothing in all of Latin America. Obsidian is the color of their skin, so when they wear their dresses and tops full of beautiful embriodery they look like butterflies. Itzpapalotl is a sustainable clothing line.
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Obsidian Group Inc. is a management company formed in 1996 to develop, market, and manage hospitality and real estate interests.
Since its incorporation Obsidian Group Inc. has assembled a very impressive management team of hospitality professionals. Obsidian Group Inc. is one of Canada’s leading, fastest growing and most progressive hospitality companies. Obsidian Group Inc. has key experienced management personnel, in operations, human resources, marketing, real estate, construction, accounting, franchising, etc… These are all “In-House” hands on, hard working, dedicated individuals, who have an entrepreneurial background, and share a common vision of success.
http://www.obsidiangroupinc.com/
